In a prototipical hump yard operation, how fast would a car be going when it makes contact with the stationary consist?
From what I saw when I got to watch the Barstow yard, it looked to be about walking speed, so say about 3 miles per hour.
There used to be a slogan promoted by the Freight Claim and Damage Prevention Departments on coupling speed: "No more than four". So hump coupling speeds would be considerably below that.
Hopefully as slow as possible, using the hump retarders, car brakes (applied by a brakeman) and/or rolling friction to slow things down. A modern loaded 100-ton car moving at 3-4 MPH has a whole lot of inertia and kinetic energy to dissipate..... UP and SP both had specially instrumented boxcars used by their training departments -- they had a clear plastic side wall so crews could see what happened when cars came together too fast. Don B